Introduction to Aerodynamics

There is a common misconceptions when it comes to Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics. Aerodynamics comes from the Greek for Aerios and contains two main conceptions, lighter than air known as Aerostatics, and heavier than air Aerodynamics.

Aerodynamics is the science describing forces on, and the resulting movement of objects though fluids, such as air.

Aerodynamics is a function of Fluid Mechanics, which like aerodynamics is broken into two main conceptions, Fluid Statics and Fluid Dynamics. [The schematic below should make for a better understand of this.

A fluid will keep moving as long as a force is present, the stress is proportional to the strain rate.

Properties of Fluids

It is known that water at 4℃ has a density of 1000kg/m^3. Density is defined as Rho, and changes in density are dependant upon temperature for liquids, and pressure and temperature for gases. This is known as the equation of state and separates aerodynamics/statics from hydrodynamics/statics. 

Air = 1.225 kg/m^3 (unless stated otherwise)

Water = 1000 kg/m^3 (unless stated otherwise)

In thermodynamics there is something called the Perfect Gas Law which is P = [rho]R*T. When you have the required data, you will find out that the R which is the Specific Gas Constant, for Air is 287.058 J/kgK [Joules/KilogramKelvin]

Always bare in mind that Gases are compressible and liquids generally are incompressible. 

Airliners generally fly at 12km above sea level, using the internal ISA charts, it can be established that the Pressure at this altitude is 19399 Pascals with the temperature 216.66 Kelvin. Therefore the density of the air is:

The Mach Number can be determined by [M=V/a] where 'a' is the speed of sound (SOS). The speed of sound for a perfect gas is:

Where Lamna, is the isentropic coefficient, which for Air is 1.4 [This is a constant]

The final part of the introduction to Aerodynamics is to understand Viscosity, this is defined as the "Stickiness" or "Thickness" of a fluid. This higher the number, the more "sticky."

Typical viscosity's are 1.81x10^-5 Pa/s for Air, and 1002x10^-3 for Water.

The Kinematic Viscosity is the same value, but without the effect of density, therefore V=μ/ρ [mu/rho]

This was a brief introduction to fluid mechanics and aerodynamics at Level 4, year one University, the next blog post will feature some more advanced features, and some higher level definitions. 

Principles of Work and Energy

In this section we will use integration and differentiation to determine the change in Kinetic Energy. You may already know the basic equation for Kinetic Energy but it is important to understand the concepts and how to derive the Formulae.

Introduction to Particle Dynamics

In the previous topics we only talked about equilibrium in static, stationary objects. During this unit we will be talking about particle dynamics.

For the purpose of this unit, when I say the word "Particle" I am referring to an object that has a mass but no direction.

The Kinematics are the study of a position or displacement, velocity and acceleration without mentioning the agent responsible.

Kinetics, are the study of motion together with the agent responsible (Force/Movement).

Shear Force Example (Intermediate - Hard)

This example for Shear Force and Bending Moments is going to be a lot more complex than the previous with the addition of calculating the Maximum Bending Moment. This is all fitted on a single piece of paper so the working out can be a lot less than shown.

Equilibrium Exam Examples

1) In using the pliers shown in Figure 1 below, 150 N forces are applied to each of the handles.

Equilibrium (Theory)

Equilibrium is the sole reason behind the static unit, Equilibrium is the forces that make an equal and opposite reaction to keep the beam, wall, arm etc where is is without moving. It is extremely important to get an understanding of "Free Body Diagrams" and also to understand which element you want to focus on within the object.

Shear Force Example (Beginner)

As discussed in the previous post, Shear Force is one of the simplest yet strangely difficult topics to learn and get your head around. But with a few examples you should be able to go into an exam and get 100% on this type of question.
The best thing about this type of question is that the end answer has to be zero making the beam in equilibrium. Therefore you always know if you have succeeded and got the physics and mathematics right.